Culture Analysis of Toyota Essay

ABSTRACT This case study analyses the corporate culture of Toyota by using two theories and then analyze the national cultures of Japan and USA by using two theories and its impact on the corporate culture of Toyota. The models of â€Å"Edgar Schein† and â€Å"Charles Handy† will be used to analyze the corporate culture of Toyota while the models of â€Å"Greet Hofstede† and â€Å"Fons Trompenaars† will be used to analyze the national cultures. Afterwards the case study will discuss the climate of Toyota and the impact of the same to its success. Also the case study will analyze the reasons as to why the Toyota Company had to face failures and whether the company culture had any impact in the same. It will also point out on how the culture of Toyota had become inflexible over a period where the company was facing rapid expansions in to other countries and how it had impacted the success of the company. Finally the author will provide with suggestions and advice as to how Toyota could do in the future on developing their corporate culture. Toyota was established as a commercial vehicle manufacturer in 1937 with a capital of  ¥ 12 million. By 1948 Toyota’s debt was 8 times than its capital value. In 1950s Toyota studies US plants, including Ford, and supermarkets during a 12 week study visit. They see little improvement since his previous trip but use supermarkets as a model for just-in-time production. Toyota entered the US in 1958 by launching its model the Toyopet. It established its first overseas production unit in Brazil in 1959 and entered the European market in 1963. Besides manufacturing, the company started a global network of design and R&D facilities covering the three major car markets of Japan, North America, and Europe. The company underwent rapidexpansion in the 1960s and exported fuel-efficient small cars to different countries across the world. By the early 1970s, Toyota‘s global vehicle production was behind that of only GM and Ford. The oil crisis in the late 1970s gave a major boost to Toyota, with many people shifting to smaller, fuel-efficient cars, where Toyota had a significant presence. In 1988, Toyota opened its first plant in North America in Georgetown, In 2000, Toyota‘s global production exceeded five million vehicles. By November 2003, Toyota‘s market capitalization touched US$ 110 billion. In 2006, Toyota became the third largest car and truck seller in the US, surpassing Chrysler Group LLC13 (Chrysler). In 2007, Toyota with sales of 2.6 million vehicles overthrew Ford from the second position in the US auto market. About two-third of Toyota‘s workforce was located outside Japan at that time. In July 2008, Toyota replaced GM15 as the largest automaker in the world. In the financial year 2008, Toyota emerged as the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. 2. National Culture & Toyota Culture 3.2. What is Culture â€Å"Culture is not something you can manipulate easily. Attempts to grab it and twist it into a new shape never work because you can’t grab it†- Prof.John P. Kotter â€Å"Culture† could be defined as â€Å"the sum total of the beliefs, values, rituals, rules & regulations, techniques, institutions, and artifacts that does characterize human populations†. Sociologists generally talk about the term socialization process, referring to the influence of parents, friends, education, and the interaction with other members of a particular society as the basis for one’s culture. These influences result in learned patterns of behavior common to members of a given society. 3.3. National Culture 3.4.1. National culture according to Fons Trompenaars model Fons Trompenaars teamed with Charles Hampden-Turner and developed a theory on culture. Universalism vs. Particularism – Universalism cultures are strictly rule-based behavioral cultures where particularistic cultures tend to focus more on the exceptional nature of present circumstances. Toyota had been a company who was working on relationship based culture where they have even treated the suppliers as of their own. They value these relationships and trusts that through such practices they will achieve success. Specific vs. diffuse – This the manner which the organization or the culture handles their communications (Low context vs. High context) it is obvious that the Japanese belongs to low context and it was the case in Toyota as well where they value long term relationships with employees and its suppliers. Individualism vs. Collectivism – Individualism is about the rights of the individual. It seeks to let each person grow or fail on their own, and sees group-focus as denuding the individual of their inalienable rights. Communitarianism is about the rights of the group or society. It seeks to put the family, group, company and country before the individual. It sees individualism as selfish and short-sighted. It is clearly proven that Japanese works as groups and all team members and senior managers altogether will decide together on many strategies. Inner-directed vs. Outer-directed (â€Å"Do we control our environment or work with it?†) – An inner-directed culture assumes that thinking is the most powerful tool and that considered ideas and intuitive approaches are the best way. An Outer-directed culture assumes that we live in the ‘real world’ and that is where we should look for our information and decisions. The Japanese culture had strong beliefs on thinking power. Even at Toyota they created their own environment through introducing TPS and Toyota way. 3.4.2. National culture according to Greet Hofstede’s model National cultures can be described according to the analysis of Geert Hofstede. It has five dimensions –†¢ Power Distance, †¢ Individualism, †¢ Masculinity, †¢ Uncertainty Avoidance, †¢ Long-Term Orientation. Japanese national culture had a huge influence in corporate culture of Toyota even though they had their operations stretched towards the other parts of the world. Power Distance – By means which you could understand â€Å"the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally†. As per the table given below, it shows that Japan has more power distance than of USA culture. It’s clear as where all the strategic decisions were taken through the head office of Japan through a hierarchical layer who had more authoritative power. Most of the decisions were dependent on fewer individuals. Individualism – Individualism is the one opposite of collectivism that is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. â€Å"Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family.† In Toyota all employees were treated equally important, referred as knowledge workers and everybody was given the freedom to come up with ideas. As per the table given below USA can clearly been seen as individualistic culture where as Japan is more towards Collectivism culture. Masculinity – is the degree to which ‘masculine’ values like competitiveness and the acquisition of wealth are valued over ‘feminine’ values like relationship building and quality of life. According to the table, both Japan and USA are having high Masculinity characteristics but it’s much higher on Japanese cultures. In Toyota, they were obsessed to overtake their competitors and become as the largest automaker in 2008 simply to prove their power proving masculine approach towards their competitors. Uncertainty Avoidance – focuses on the level of society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. A High Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country has a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. This creates a rule-oriented society that institutes laws, rules, regulations, and controls in order to reduce the amount of uncertainty. Japanese try to avoid uncertainty by planning everything carefully. Japan is a culture that depends on rules, laws and regulations. Japan wants to reduce its risks to the lowest and proceed with changes step by step. The United States scores a 46 compared to the 92 of the Japanese culture. Uncertainty avoidance in the US is relatively low, which can clearly be viewed through the national cultures. In Toyota, you could see that they make all the related parties (Supplier, Designers, Engineers, Dealers and Partners) involved in the manufacturing process right from the designing stage to marketing the product so that they produce exactly what is needed with minimum risk. Long-Term Orientation – focuses on the degree the society does or does not embrace long-term devotion to traditional values. High Long-Term Orientation ranking implies that the country embraces to the values of long-term commitments and respect for tradition and where long-term rewards are expected as a result of today’s hard work. This is very evident as Toyota has spent much revenue and focus on R&D activities even at tougher times. Hofstede’s Dimension of Culture Scales When considering these factors, it is obvious that Toyota (which comprises with Japanese culture embedded to its organizational culture) will have a significant impact to its culture when working in USA as USA culture is much more different to than Japanese culture. 3.4. Culture of Toyota 3.5.3. Toyota’s culture according to Edgar Schein’s Theory Schein’s three levels of culture model were developed in the 1980s. Schein identifies three distinct levels in organizational cultures: 1. Artifacts and behaviors 2. Exposed values 3. Basic Assumptions Artifacts of Toyota – Artifacts are the visible elements in a culture. Artifacts can be easily recognized by people. Artifacts can be dress codes, furniture, art, work climate, stories, work processes, organizational structures etc..Toyota’s artifacts could be * Fuel efficient vehicle manufacturer * Concentrated highly on maintaining quality and minimizing waste. Basic Assumptions of Toyota – Basic Assumptions reflect the shared values which are within the specific culture. These values oftentimes will not be especially visible to the members of the culture or the external parties. Assumptions and espoused values are possibly not correlated, and the espoused values may not at all be rooted in the actual values of the culture. This may cause great problems, where the differences between espoused and actual values may create frustrations, lack of morale and inefficiency. Toyota, when they ventured in to U.S. is when conflict in culture start to appear. Japanese corporate culture often conflicts with American management styles is partially due to a basic underlying assumption of Japanese culture. * Japanese Corporate Decision-Making involves group where Americans make decisions as individuals. * Japanese management is much more focused on relationships with their employees than rules to ensure corporate goals are met. * Managers in Japan depend on the honor system to get work done, relying on their workers’ trust and good will * The traditional structures and the hierarchy maintained by Toyota * Functional managers acting as mentors to other staff to understand the values and the culture of the organization * Chief engineers played a vital role in the organization’ * All employees of all levels were treated as knowledge workers * Encouraged all employees to communicate in simple language and encouraged them to be a part of different clubs & groups to share ideas amongst them. * Personal relationships were valued on a higher level 3.5.4. Toyota’s culture according to Charles Handy Theory Charles Handy gave a classification to the organizations culture into range of four cultures. The four cultures he discusses are Power’, ‘Role’, ‘Task’ and ‘People’. Power Culture – Power is concentrated in a smaller group. Power radiates out from the centre, usually a key personality, to others in the organization who send information down to other departments, functions or units. After the Toyota Company had established after global expansion over different continents, the main decision making power was still with headquarters which reflects the control was centralized to Japan headquarters. Role Culture – This culture comprises with several functional units of the organization which have to implement the decisions. The strength of the culture lays in specialization within its theses functional units. Interaction takes place between the functional specialism by job descriptions, procedures, rules and systems. Toyota showed lot of signs of role culture. During the Manufacturing process, they got the Engineers, suppliers and all the other related parties involved from the designing part to the sale of vehicle. Also they treated all employees as equal and each employee were given the opportunity to give their suggestions or express their feelings. Also Toyota had separate divisions operating for separate functions such as Sales, Finance, Legal, Manufacturing and R&D. Task Culture – Such cultures are of organizations which are much involved in R&D activities. They will create temporary task teams to meet their future needs. Information and expertise are the skills that are of value here. In Toyota it was not much shown this type of culture but since Toyota were very aggressive in intensive R&D activities and they emphasized the fact that engineers to spend more time on core engineering and technical skill acquisition, it shows a little bit of task culture in existence in Toyota. 3. Corporate Climate 4.5. What is corporate climate? Climate is defined as the recurring patterns of behavior, attitudes and feelings that characterize life in the organization. Climate impacts employee attitudes and motivation which directly impact on business performances. 4.6. Was the climate correct in Toyota The corporate climate in Toyota was set right at the beginning and lost its way when the expansion process was taking place. As we all know, Toyota has been valued as an organization which been driven through its values, processors and philosophies. Their main focuses were initially on understanding the requirements of the users through intense R&D activities and fulfill the same while maintaining high level of quality. For such they had developed mechanisms such as TPS or Toyota way. The Toyota Way was invented, discovered, and developed over decades as talented Toyota managers and engineers, learned to cope with its (Toyota’s) problems of external adaptation and internal integration. Managers understand the challenges and context that led to active on-the-floor problem solving, not theoretical, top-down exercises. Communications were very strong amongst the functions units. With the rapid expansion and the globalized diversifications being carried out (more broadly in USA), Toyota turned in to an ambition driven company that ignored its traditions. The practice of conveying the Toyota way to an alien culture was an uphill task and a costly exercise. Also there were signs that the top level of the company had its own issues. 1995 when Okuda became the President, he made some dramatic changes to the long lived traditions of Toyota culture by cutting costs, increasing focus on product development and revamping of the product designs. Under his leadership, Toyota went on massive overseas expansion in a rapid phase but the cultural development and the processed values were not conveyed in the same phase. Once the expansions were set the focus/objective of the company became to be the largest car making company in the world beating GM. They were obsessed with this new vision. In parallel to this new vision somewhere in early 2000s, they launched the CCC21 cost cutting program. Due to such many of Japan employees were reduced from overseas plants and due to such the transferring of age old quality practices and corporate philosophy couldn’t be done to its subsidiaries. And finally due to new vision of being the largest car maker, more of production was focused than quality and Toyota looked for suppliers who could produce parts at a lower cost. Due to cultural change and knowledge gap between suppliers and Toyota, series of downfall in quality was observed later in Aug 2009. 4.7. Areas which went wrong with culture As per the case study it is evident that the two countries naturally have different cultures and they will impact the new venture which has cross cultural dynamics. In Toyota culture, they were very concerned on the values and the processor and the people involved. It’s much towards the Japanese cultural influence. But with the expansions, such practices were not effectively transferred to the employees of USA where they were part of a different culture. Even though they set up different division set up in different parts of USA all the main decisions were taken from the headquarters which was in Japan. The overseas divisions were not given much authority. Also another facture was that in Japanese culture they need lot of paperwork to take a decision where in USA culture they take quick decisions. Due to such several crucial decisions could not be taken on time leading to losses and at times up to legal penalties. And the Rigid structures and the Hierarchy were not helping the operations or were not letting the company grow towards the future. As the decision making was solely with the headquarters, it did not empower or give an opportunity to the managers in the USA offices as they were to follow set orders or tasks. 4. Suggestion for way forward 5.8. How could Toyota do better in the future When managing cross cultural issues, it is important that both parties spend a considerable amount of time on understanding each other’s cultures. It is very important that while the top level managers concentrate on the new diversification, the product lines and the bottom lines, they should strategize on how to manage the cultural issues as well. Toyota could have send the senior managers to USA prior to the expansions to really understand the culture of USA and same way they could have brought in the senior managers who were to be recruited from USA to Japan so they could have an deeper understanding of their corporate culture and the values. Same way they must be flexible on the structures and the Higher achy of the company by empowering the other unit heads to take decision and to be innovative from their end and back them on their decisions. Instead of adopting a culture where rewards are given on growth or production, it could be a combination of such and encouragement workers to perform better in order to collectively improve the company. More relationships could have been built with the suppliers and the dealers in order to maximize the production output and to develop the exact required features. The workforce in the USA plants to have a combination of Japanese and USA employees even at the senior levels. This way the touch of the original Toyota values and philosophies will not die fast and could be incarnated to the other employees as well. While trying to be the leader in automobile market, its not advisable to use only the cost leadership. It’s shown in the case study and in many other articles which done by industry experts that due to severe cost reduction practices, Toyota lost its core value which is Quality on its product. Hence it’s always good to have a mixture of strategies when conquering a market. Another aspect is Quick decision making. It is very important that when workings with a culture like USA who are keen on quick decision making, Japanese should react fact to situation otherwise will be at the risk of obtaining losses. R&D activities must be focused on the correct path as such practices will define the future of the company. If the R& D was done properly at Toyota they wouldn’t have acquired so many losses through recalls and poor product designs. And the sharing of information is a definite need when dealing with cross cultural matters. Since both cultural parties are new to each other such communications would bridge the gap. 5.9. Measures which they could take to effectively embed the proper culture to its employees As mentioned earlier, studying the involved cultures is an important process in any organization. For an example, the company which I work for (which is a leading Optical service provider in the country), they closely monitor the culture of the suburb or the region which they think of expanding before taking any key decisions. Same way, Japanese senior managers could have stayed in USA for long enough to get a grasp of their culture and understand their values and way of doing things. Understand the culture of the market which you are entering is a key strategy. Secondly they could have brought in the USA managers whom were to take up senior position in USA plants much prior to the installation of the factories as n induction programme or as an apprentice programme so that the Japanese managers could really transfer the cultural aspects and the values of Toyota which has been practiced for the past decades successfully. In my organization we do such practices as we recruit employees from the region where we are planning to expand to and place them at out head office so that they will be well trained and would really understand our values. Similarly, we send one of our senior staff or Managers to the newly opened branch once its stetted up to be there for a certain period so that he will be an mentor to the others and also he will bring in the details of the prevailing culture of the said region. Another thing Toyota must do is to empower the Managers from the said culture so that the decision making and other practices would be much more effective and related to the actual requirement. For this I could again take my company where all the branches are operated as separate profit centers and the Branch manager is empowered to take decision on behalf of the organization on many operational and at times on some strategic matters. Also for the employees of the two cultures to have much closer ties, Toyota could use the prevailing technologies such as social networking sites whereby they could get the employees of two cultures to meet up on a virtual world and get to know better and even to share ideas amongst them. This way the belongingness and the team work will develop amongst the employees. In our organization, we organize staff day outing, workshops, outward bound training programmes and other get-to-gather activities whereby they will get to know each other better and share their ideas amongst them. 5. Conclusion As most of the solutions are given in the previous paragraphs, the following points to be considered when managing cross cultural issues. When applied to cross cultural management of organizations different corporate cultures can be identified and proactive solutions must be developed to ensure compatibility between all parties and its cultures. And each culture must be valued as they are similarly valuable to both parties. When recruiting new employees it is very important to mentor them about the prevailing corporate culture and the values attached to these cultures. Train and socialize current employees to be more receivable for the coming alien cultures. Change and be flexible on organizational structure to give employees more control. Empower employees to make decision about their jobs. The long lived traditions and the best practices should not be neglected at any time and more importantly the culture plays a very vital role on the organizations success. 6. Reference http://geert-hofstede.com ICBT Study materials www.lindsay-shervin.co.ul www.changingminds.org www.businessmate.org

Complicating the situation further

The proposed solution will be useful to agricultural enterprises because it will enhance the level of efficiency in cost control. The organization presented in the case study produces two commodities: corn and soybeans.Additionally, the equipment used is shared between two parties. Complicating the situation further is that the ownership of the farm is distributed among several parties. Therefore the establishment of cost and profit centers is a must for correctly assessing the level of costs and earnings.Currently the management focus is on production. However the management intent is to shift greater focus to implementing a managerial accounting system that will correctly allocate costs and assign the level of profits proportionally.In this respect, implementation of activity based costing is the best solution inasmuch as it facilitates the identification of allocation criteria based upon which costs and profits can be assigned.The advantage of using the managerial accounting syste m mentioned above is that the management can exercise its own discretion about how to allocate costs between different processes and commodities.Unlike the financial statements prepared under the strict scrutiny of the GAAP, internal reports generated by the managerial accounting system mentioned above do not have to follow any hard and fast rules. As a result the management can customize the system to the specific characteristics of its own business.This customizability is one of the most important features in favor of implementing an activity based costing system. The customizability enables the management not only to assign costs to different processes and commodities based upon resources consumed but also to enhance the level of process efficiency.For example, the proposed solution for the organization in the case study enables John and Mary Farmer to allocate costs to the equipment based upon their level of usage in producing different commodities. As a result, the cost driver is this case is identified as the two commodities. The cost of production for each of the commodities is calculated accordingly.The advantage from using this system is that the overhead is allocated in proportion to the level of resources expended in producing each commodity. This strengthens the quality of the cost structure. The result is that the management is in a much better position to measure performance and formulate strategies accordingly.As illustrated in the case, John and Mary Farmer are going to have to collect a considerable level of information in order to implement an activity based costing system.Therefore in conducting a cost benefit analysis of implementing the managerial accounting system, the cost of collecting the information will have to be taken into account. Additional costs will be incurred by the maintenance of the information system which will have to be supported by expensive hardware and software requirements.These are some of the drawbacks that agricul tural enterprises can run up against when implementing the proposed solution. However these drawbacks must be the weighed against the benefits of more cost-efficient strategy formulation.Question 2If the Farm Council Case did not use activity based costing, then it would not be in a position to correctly assess the cost of producing each commodity. As a result some costs would be overstated and some understated. This would distort profit comparisons between the two commodities. Consequently, any future investment decisions would be distorted as well.The traditional cost allocation method would be particularly harmful in the Farm Council case because the resources being used belong to several different parties. For this reason it is particularly important for the management to use the activity based costing method in order to allocate costs based on the level of consumption.Although the costs of implementing an advanced managerial accounting system would be high, the long term benefi ts of more effective strategy formulation outweigh the costs. Such would not be the case when implementing the traditional cost allocation method.According to the traditional cost allocation method, product costs are calculated according to the number of units produced. As a result, this method does not take into account the level of resources expended in producing these units.This cost distortion is particularly pronounced in the Farm Council Case because the same level of production for two different commodities necessitates different levels of resource consumption.If John and Mary were to use the traditional cost allocation method, then these differences would not be taken into account and the unit costs that would be calculated would be incorrect. As a result, they would not be in a position to make decisions about which product line to invest in more.Currently the focus at the farm was on production rather than on cost control. Therefore, the traditional cost allocation method seemed to satisfy the requirements. However there were massive pools of overhead that were being improperly assigned. These errors in the costing system would be perpetuated under the traditional cost allocation system.The problem with the alternative solution was that the identification of resource drivers for support and production cost centers would be difficult. This would complicate the process of assigning costs.The support cost centers in terms of equipment, shop & maintenance, and general farm would have to be defined in terms of the activities involved. Otherwise it would not be possible to assess the level of resources consumed by each of the cost centers. Therefore the unit costs for different commodities would not reflect the true expenditures and the management would be stuck with a costing system that would be misleading.Commodities which consumed a lower level of resources would have unit costs overstated and vice versa. The reason why this would happen under the alte rnative solution is that the costs would be divided equally between different cost centers based on production volume. As a result, the alternative solution is not recommended.ReferencesAtkinson, Anthony A., et al. (2006) Management Accounting. McGraw Hill/Irwin.

Can a practice of world civic politics really change the nature of Essay

Can a practice of world civic politics really change the nature of discourse on environmental issues Discuss one issue w - Essay Example This involves the human activists who make policies and form groups through which policies are passed by changing the public values and ideas, empowering the local communities as well as imparting pressure on corporations. The method is mainly effective as the activist groups use it to ensure that environmental policies are passed. World civic politics- effects on environmental issues World civic politics can to a great extent change the nature of discourse on environmental issues. The civic politics can only be effective in a society and this forms the environment where the people live. This first focuses on the understanding of the social and cultural values that the people hold and bring so that it bears on the environment. It also involves the environmental issues faced and how the society mobilizes these values to forge environmentalism, form and sustain programs as well as create movements of environmental action in their communities (Gabriela, 2010). Besides this, it involves an understanding of the variations in cultural and political contexts which involves the differences in the environmental goals and objectives of peoples in different parts of the world. Environmental issues relating to various countries have been challenged by many states especially the issue of global warming, overpopulation and the effects it has on the environment, overgrazing, urbanization among others. World civic politics has come up to challenge and face this issue and this has so far worked, alongside facing many challenges. The main focus here is on the environmental justice. This follows the idea that everyone has a right to fair treatment in terms of the formation and the enforcement of the laws relating to the environment, regardless of their color, race or origin. This means that the various societies needs to have a better environ to live and is important in regard to formulation of the policies. Most impoverished and minority areas live in the populated regions of th e world and these policies seek to ensure that there is environmental justice to all people. Most activists groups involved with the changing of the course of the environmental effects use the direct action (Shannon, 2010). This involves the change of public values through policy making that are passed through advertising media like the televisions and magazines. This is commonly the first step after policy making since it is believed that changing the public ideas about a certain policy is mainly the original step of getting it passed. Environmental values are diverse and various governments deal with the issue of environment differently (UNEP, 2007). Population increase has had a major impact on the environment leading to massive environmental degradation. This is impacted by the effects which involve, urbanization, depletion of the natural resources and overgrazing especially in the developing countries of the world. The effects of this are a drawback in the economic development of these third world countries and a consecutive drop in the balance of payments and trade. Introduction of policies to control degradation in these countries brings a question of their adoption which may result to conflict and tension. For instance, in china, the values of laid-off workers contrasted those of the government’

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Global Warming Is Harmful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Comparison of the Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone Assignment

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MT140 Unit 6 Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MT140 Unit 6 Discussion - Research Paper Example This implies that the goals must include the adequate resources required. A goal just as the name suggests has a time constrain a feature that regulates the utilization of the resources in accomplishing each. With SMART goals and objectives, the system requires the creation of appropriate bureaucratic offices to enhance the supervision of the subordinate in order to ensure that they dedicate their time among other resources to attaining the goals (Anthony & Govindarajan 2007). Managers must have basic understanding of the organization. This requires the managers to have every information about the company and its resources at any given time. The case at Sandwich Blitz Inc. is negatively unique since the management does not monitor the operations of the company thus the utilization of the resources. Such loopholes create space for embezzlement of funds among other resources. Some employees earn for hours they have not worked for, such is a portrayal of the laxity in the management a feature that validates the need for the creation of a functional management control

Article summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article summary - Essay Example This quote directly fits in with the overall theme of how people, for example in China, seek to step aside from having conversations directly when it comes to the discussion of sexual issues in nature. One of the reasons in many ways can be seen as a lack of communication between parents and children on this issue. There is a very strong cultural/society influence on how such issues are looked at and talked about. Towards the middle of the article, Ford mentions the level that China had stepped towards adopting a more Western approach to how they go about doing things. A fear among some parents that if the children were to have knowledge about sexual issues, that would enable them to take part in the issue. Making light of the ratings system that the United States has, Ford addresses the Chinese approach to having one. Yin Hong, a deputy head of Tsinghua University's Journalism School is quoted in the article when he says, "The time is not ripe for China to institute a ratings system," says Yin Hong, a film critic and deputy head of Tsinghua University's Journalism School," (Ford, 2/2/07). Many of the points which Peter Ford mentions in his article are very important to understanding the bigger story.

The Effects of Education on Youth Smoking Essay

The Effects of Education on Youth Smoking - Essay Example Moreover, legislation has been passed around the globe which seeks to reduce the impact that certain marketing strategies can have on adolescent for instances. Legislation has recently it has United States which is that cartoon characters or other visually suggestive marketing strategies, such as Joe Camel, it should not be used due to the fact that the underage individuals to engage with cigarette merely because the marketing is specifically targeted to their demographic. Even though these changes have taken place, the sad reality is that young people continue to start smoking cigarettes each and every day. This is all particular importance not only due to the fact that children are just as susceptible to the health impacts that cigarettes entail as adults, it is also of high importance due to the fact that once a young person begin smoking, they are oftentimes likely to continue this habit well into adulthood; oftentimes until they develop a severe medical condition which can take their life. As a means of understanding this reality, the following analysis will focus upon the reasons for why young people begin smoking as a means of seeking to diminish these causal forces that exist within society and promoting a more healthful nation. A great deal of research has indicated that one of the causal reasons for adolescents to begin smoking has to do with whether or not their parents smoke. As such, a statistically higher level of likelihood exists for those adolescents whose parents, or parent as the case may be, smoke as compared to those you do not have such an influence within the home. Naturally, a further reason for why this is a factor has to do with the fact that individual adolescents whose parents/parent smoke are presented with the widespread availability of cigarettes all through their youth (Sohn, 2014).

Michelangelo and his Sistine Chapel project Research Paper

Michelangelo and his Sistine Chapel project - Research Paper Example Similar was the case with Michelangelo in relation to the Sistine Chapel project, though for different reasons. He was not in proper shape of mind, throughout the four year during which the project lingered on for multiplicity of reasons and Ross King (2003, p.1) puts it thus: â€Å"Michelangelo Buonarroti was summoned back to this workshop behind Santa Cateriea in April 1508. He obeyed the call with great reluctance, having vowed he would never return to Rome.†Thus began the artistic creation of Sistine Chapel Ceiling project of Michelangelo (1475-1564) The intent behind this project: The directions were from Pope Julius, II. What was the credentials of the man, personal and official, of the holy man who was about to entrust to him one of the all-time great responsibilities in the world of art? He was known to be an arrogant, hot tempered and given to military adventures and ardent followers of the Christian principles as perceived by him. He wanted to have the best for his t omb and wished to contribute something tangible for the architectural glory of the city of Rome. He put before Michelangelo his request to paint the chapel ceiling. That was tantamount to the papal order. He had twin visions about the project. That Rome should be rebuilt to its pristine glory and he began to plan to achieve his objective with great applications and issued directions accordingly. Such an achievement would be to his personal credit and would surpass the accomplishments of Pope Alexander VI. That was the other important consideration. What was the scale of preparations for the project? King writes, â€Å"Tons of building materials cluttered the surround streets and pizzas as an army of 2000 carpenters and stonemasons prepared themselves for the largest construction project seen anywhere in Italy since the days of ancient Rome.†(p.6) The task was tough viewed from any angle. Firstly about the work related to the ceiling. The position, from which the sculptor had to work, was uneven and not flat. It was a gigantic ceiling of 40(131 feet) meters long and 13 meters (43 feet) wide. Michelangelo painted in all over 5000 square feet of frescoes. On the frescoes he depicted some of the greatest episodes from the Book of Genesis, like the Creation, the Fall, and picture immediately after Noah’s deluge etc By the side of such scenes, giant portraits of prophets and sibyls who predicted the arrival of Messiah were shown. The entire work was a beauty in tragedy. Below spandrels and lunettes with ancestors of Jesus and the tragic stories of ancient Israel were created. Michelangelo’s awesome skill was seen in the scattered small figures, cherubs and nudes (ignudi), more than 300 of them on the ceiling, each was provided with the most appropriate space, as if it was made for them only. The ceiling was dissected with architectural members and molding. What is their real natured? They are two dimensional, skilful painted creations to demarca te different compositions. The inquisitive one may confuse whether Michelangelo was a painter or a sculptor. Temperamentally he was the sculptor—only sculptor. Painting was the professional demand that was thrust upon him by the supreme authority of the Catholic Church—the Pope! He was at his best chiseling the marble blocks and give life to them in the form of extraordinary creations. Sistine Chapel project was an exception that brought forth to surface the intrinsic talents of the painter in him. When he was a student in

The Code of Ethics for Nurses Essay Example for Free

The Code of Ethics for Nurses Essay This paper discusses the code of ethics of nurses. The nurses are sometimes found in very challenging situations that call for proper decision making. The action taken should not be against this code of ethics. Nurses are guided by a set of laws that are meant to assist them in their duties to offer medical services and at the same time satisfy their patient’s requirements. The code of ethics for the nurses rejects any attempt to perform activities that are contrary to the patient’s rights. These include the right to life, to self esteem and the right to respectful treatment (International Council of Nurses, 2006). In the case study situation the surgeon made a wrong recommendation for the patient. Mr. B was wrongfully scheduled for a tumor resection procedure yet the most appropriate course of treatment for him was a palliative treatment or limited intervention. Subjecting the patient to a tumor resection was an act that subjected the aged patient to a higher risk of postoperative recovery (Strang, Strang, Hultborn, Arner, 2004). With the problem of bed space the patient deserved to be treated equally with other patients despite his age, the health condition and his limited chances of survival. The human rights stipulate clearly that the life of one individual is equally important as the other and therefore should not be undermined (Tschudin, 2003). The nurses should have acted by the principle of the first patient to be admitted the first to be served and in that situation the other patients younger than Mr. B should have been directed to other facilities. By all ethical standards, nurses should always value the lives of their patients regardless of the situation since all the lives are precious and none can be substituted for another one.

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resource Practitione Essay Example for Free

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resource Practitione Essay The CIPD developed a map depicting the HR profession that signifies the skills, knowledge and behaviours needed by those in HR and Learning and Development professionals. The two inner core professional areas in the HRPM, Strategy Insights and Solutions and Leading HR, requires a deep understanding of the business activities, strategies and plans to drive business performance through the delivery of human resource strategy and solutions. Leading HR in particular focuses on the organisation requirements and that human resources employees are fully engaged, working collaboratively and all understand the drivers that create value within the organisation. Both of these core areas are to be reflected within all HR roles at any stage of a successful HR career regardless of location or working within an organisation or alongside one. The other 8 professional areas identify the knowledge and skills required within each band level to provide specialist HR assistance. There are 4 band levels, each band level signifies professional competence and is linked to the professional areas within said band level at every stage of the professionals HR career. To progress from one band to another there are three transitional pathways that identify what the professional must follow in order to progress. There are 8 behavioural areas clustered into 3 groups that identify how professionals at the relevant band level in their career need to carry out their duties and make a contribution to their organisations success. They include; Band One; Personally Credible; Builds a reliable reputation using experience and expertise and does so with integrity and in an objective manner. Collaborative; Works effectively with colleagues, customers, and individuals both within and outside of the organisation. Driven to deliver; Demonstrates a strong work ethic, consistent in their duties and take accountability for delivery of results. Plans, prioritises, monitors performance and holds others accountable for delivery. Band Two; Advises on and manager HR related issues and has a clear understanding of the evaluation process. Whilst at band two, the professional will demonstrates the Personally Credible and Driven to Deliver Behaviour Areas seen in Band One while also demonstrating other Behaviour Areas; Courage to Challenge and Skilled Influencer. Courage to Challenge; Shows confidence and courage to speak and challenges others when confronted with unfamiliar circumstances. Skilled Influencer; Demonstrates the ability to influence and to gain commitment and support form a wide range of diverse stakeholders for the organisation benefit. Band Three; Requires the professional to show a high understanding of the Behaviour Areas Courage to Challenge and Skilled Influencer. These are to be demonstrated at an expert level before progressing to the band level 4. The professional has the skills to lead in a Behavioural area and addresses key HR challenges at an organisational level. Band Four; Professionals are required to be an expert in their field, lead and manage the professional area or the organisational responsible for developing and delivering organisational and HR strategy. The professional is required to cover 3 Behavioural areas; Role Model, Curious and Decisive Thinker. Role Model; leading by example and implying sound personal judgement in all interactions. Curious; Demonstrates an active interest in the internal and external environment, shows a willingness to learn and active in the development of self and others and organisation levels and individual. Decisive Thinker; Demonstrates the ability to analyse information quickly and constructively to make defendable decisions using knowledge, experience and personal judgement. As a learner just starting out my HR career my experience and knowledge is limited and I believe to sit at Band One on the HRPM. Band One supports colleagues with administration duties and effectively manages data and is customer driven. The Professional Areas suited for Band One insure that all people within the organisation possess and develop the skills and knowledge to progress not only within the organisation, but their career by becoming motivated to learn, grow and perform. High performance within the organisation is promoted by rewards that are equitable and cost effective, given when rewarding skills, capabilities, performance and experience. While Band One focuses primarily on Performance and Reward and Learning and Talent Development as professional areas, the HRPM also depicts that the behaviours at Band One level are to be achieved. These include; Personally Credible, Collaborative and Driven to Deliver. The two core Professional Areas (Strategy Insights and Solutions and Learning and Talent Development) are at the very heart of any HR professional and should be the core values of any professional undertaking a HR career or an expert in their field.

The Nature Of The State Sovereignty

The Nature Of The State Sovereignty In order to complete this analysis, it is necessary to examine the history and the evolution of concept sovereignty. Hence I will firstly define notion of sovereignty and its origins. In the latter part I will present how sovereignty has changed over period of time, particularly after the Cold War. In the final part I will provide conclusion summoning if the change of sovereignty nature has been positive or negative. Sovereignty is relatively recent innovation in international relations. It was first developed in Europe, at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. Treaty of Westphalia has been the outcome of around 8 decades of wars fought in name of religions. The result of Westphalian Treaty was establishment of new international law system which was going to be applied to the modern states. The underpinning of this system is the sovereign character of the state and the prevention against external interference in internal affairs by other states. Sovereignty is one among the inherent and essential elements of a state, which defines its supreme power and its own independence.  [1]  Sovereignty has two dimension and these are: authority of internal government and territory. Leader of the government has an ultimate and legitimate right to exercise power within the borders of that particular state and suppose to be obeyed by its citizens.  [2]  Noteworthy, the core elements of state sovereignty hav e been established in 1933 Montevideo convention on the Rights and Duties of States. They include three main requirements: a permanent populations, defined territory and body of power functioning government.  [3]   Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau were most important members of the social contract school. They shared the same idea about the concept of sovereignty. They believed that whatever are origins of sovereignty, it all comes down to contractual agreement between the members. However, their theories differed significantly in other respects.  [4]   State sovereignty has for the past several hundred years, been a defining principle of a relations between states and in a way a foundation of worlds order. This concept is one of the most important principles of United Nation Charter and it is still important component of the maintenance of peace in the world and defence of weak states against the powerful ones. At the same time, however the concept has never been unchallengeable as such, either in law or practice as the formal definition may suggest. According to former secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali; The time of absolute sovereignty has passed; its theory was never matched by reality.  [5]   Knowing that the international rules of the notion of sovereignty set out in the Treat of Westphalia have been modified over the years, most recently and significantly by the Charter of the United Nations they remained merely intact until June 1990, this was when UN Security Council approved Resolution 1244. According to that resolution the attacks in Kosovo were justified. The post-Cold War world has segued into what might now be called post-Westphalian world. Resolution 1244 is the momentum of a series of acts of decisions and actions which, taken together, change the legal and theoretical structure of international relations. This means that the first principle of the nation sovereignty is the power that the nation holds as a State those in power are in charge.  [6]   In practice international legal sovereignty and Westphalian sovereignty are the key manifestations of sovereignty. In particular cases, for example; Somalia or Andorra, these attributes camouflage glaring failings in other areas ostensibly central to sovereignty. The humanitarian intervention in Kosovo and the invocation of self-Defence as a rationale for the intervention in Afghanistan are examples of rights reserved for powerful states which are not intended for use by the majority of states.  [7]   As Krasner summarizesthe principles associated with both Westphalian and international legal sovereignty have always been violated.  [8]   After the end of Cold War, the sovereignty of each nation involved in the war has changed significantly and quite diminished. Meanwhile the Cold War is the longest war that took place between 1940-1980 involving United Union of soviet socialist and America and it was merely a war of rights and beliefs. The changes to the notion of Sovereignty changed and the changes were influenced by the development that happened after the Cold War.  [9]   Pragmatically, concept of sovereignty has often been challenged and violated by the powerful states. In current globalizing world, it is recognised that cultural, environmental and economic influences neither respect borders, nor require an entry visa. The concept of state sovereignty is well stretched in political and legal discourses. Furthermore, states borders have diminished significantly as a result of contemporary international relations arena. Current international disorder and suffering are the main causes of technology and communication fast development. Consequently, perspectives on the range and role of state sovereignty have, especially over the past ten years, evolved very quickly. Today, sovereignty confronts the challenge of globalism. It is commonly held that the conditions which support globalism, such as technological advances, the communications revolution, and advances in business organization do not necessarily promote sovereignty. Furthermore political activism, terrorism, and organized crime conspire to undermine territorial boundaries and permit the exchange of science, culture, political economy, and the growth of beneficent and malevolent global civil society. However according to Anthony Coughlans effects of globalization o the concept of the sovereignty of Sate is often taken out of context or exaggerated. In his view States have always been interdependent to some extent. In his opinion there was more to globalisation in the late 19th Century, such as free movement of labour, trade and capital, although the volumes involved were smaller than today. In that time most states were economically more powerful due to international businesses. In Coughlans view Modern States do more for their citizens and are expected by them to do more and impinge more intimately on peoples lives than at any time in history.  [10]   Sovereignty may undeniably be strengthened as it changes to meet new needs and opportunities. In other ways, sovereignty may be limited in its capacity to deny international responsibilities and domestic obligations. An analysis of the world social process will give a way to a vast number of participants and institutions that comprise the global society. Among these are State sovereigns, international and regional organizations, political parties, business groups, pressure groups, NGOs, and individuals in various roles relevant to social relations within and across State and national lines.  [11]   It should be added that there are many other complex outcomes of this process, which include, for example, the constitutional architecture of the European Union, the African Union, the Organization of American States, and even the framework of military alliances under the changing character of NATO. These regional organizations carry the attributes of authority and control and, in turn, reconfigure the framework of decision-making competences that are exclusive to the sovereign State, those which are sometimes shared concurrently with the nation-State, and those which are to be exercised in complex patterns of sequential authority. This makes the interplay between the constitutional architecture of the various forms of political and legal association under current world order conditions, a complex and technical, but vitally important matter. Among the important outcomes of the world community process is the relatively specialized process of effective power, which involves connecting linkages between interactions and inters determination operating in micro social institutions, large-scale social formations such as the State, even larger aggregates of States, and a still larger and complex world process of effective power. It is perhaps a paradox that sovereign independence is now often accompanied by sovereign membership in various regional associations and international organizations, which juridical limits sovereignty. For example, membership in the United Nations conditions sovereignty; in other words, sovereignty cannot trump the obligations and international responsibilities of the UN. Even more prominent are State claims to associate with supranational regional compacts and, in so doing, abandon some autonomy in exchange for the benefits of membership. Examples of this include the European Union, the African Union, and the Organization of American States. The current crisis of terrorism and world order will tell as much about the changes that international law might secure for the practice of international relations based on the authority of the UN Charter. One trend however, is clear. Sovereignty as State absolutism is no longer a tenable precept in international law and international relations. Sovereignty based on the authority of peoples expectations is a vital and critical element in promoting international peace and security, enhancing human rights and is a basic element in the foundations and possibilities of good governance as well as transparent and responsible authority. To conclude this does not mean the demise of sovereignty but it means change.

Walt Whitman :: essays research papers

Walt Whitman Walt Whitman was born in a rural village on Long Island N.Y. on May, 31 1819. He went to school to five to six years, although he received most of his education from the literature he read. His first jobs consisted of being a printer and a school teacher. At the age of 27 he became editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, dismissed two years later because he had radically liberal views. In the early 1850’s he went back home to build houses with his father. Emerson believed Whitman wrote for the complete person, one that is willing to listen to one self. Whittier, however, judged Whitman’s work as â€Å"loose, lurid, and impious†. In 1855 the First edition of â€Å"Leaves of Grass†, this was classified as â€Å"poetry of barbarism† because it was radical, talking about things like sexuality, and it used exotic and vulgar language. His songs were songs not only of occupations but of sex and the body. He sand of masturbation, the sexual organism and the sexual act; he was one of the first poets to write of the â€Å"body electric,† of female eroticism, homosexuality love, and the anguish of repressed desire.(text book page 2846) He continued to revise this piece in the years 1856 and 1860. By the completion of â€Å"Leaves of Grass† it had 9 editions with more than 400 poems. In 1865 after working as a nurse in the Civil War he wrote â€Å"Drum-Taps†, he gathered in this into the fourth edition of â€Å"Leaves of Grass†. At 54 he suffered paralytic stroke and 19 years later he Died 19 years later in New Jersey. Whitman Became known in America as â€Å"Great Gray Poet†. Whitman gained more influence on America after his death. He was a modern man because he created his own rhythms using free verse. Leaves of grass was probably his most instrumental writing consisting of over 400 poems and would eventually become the most popular book of poetry ever written. Whitman's style was romantic and sensitive at a time when the US Civil War raged across the land with all its brutality and suffering. He greatly loved America, nonetheless, volunteering to tend the wounded in Washington, D.C., and writing a popular tribute to Abraham Lincoln, "O. Captain! My Captain!" A favorite of presidents ever since, Whitman wrote poetry praising America and touting the virtues of democracy. He made a trip to Camden New Jersey a few days before his mother’s death and stayed there for the remainder of his own life.

Creative People Essay -- Analysis, Dahlén

Dahlà ©n (2008) illustrates creative people as being distinguished by five paradoxes. These paradoxes states that: creative people are characterized by a large measure of conventionality and rebelliousness; creative people make extensive use of both divergent and convergent thinking; creative people are characterized by the fact that they have both abundant energy and a great need for relaxation; creative people is the combination of humility and pride; and creative people are to a great extent both introverted and extroverted (Dahlà ©n, 2008). Change and the accompanying uncertainty throw off ones equilibrium, yet it is these fluctuations, disturbances, and imbalances that are the primary sources of creativity. When considering the paradoxes presented by Dahlà ©n (2008) this writer is a creative person. Creativity is an aspect of human personality and a component of human development. This writer is very interested in coming up with new ideas or enhancing processes that are no longer effective. For example, this writer was recently asked by a manager in the organization, to look at ways the reporting process for the division could be enhanced to reduce the amount of time a State has to wait for a final report after an audit has been conducted. The normal timeframes were taking up to 18 months to produce a final audit report. By being a divergent thinker, this writer was able to look at all the factors and individuals involved in the report writing process and connect them to the end product to reduce the timeframe to 184 days. Dahlà ©n (2008) considers only one half of creative thinking as changing one’s thought process, and the other half is trying to combine ideas into creative results (p. 98). Creativity is the driving ... ...igh (Saednejad, 2008). In an educational organization thinking inside the box is the first step to creative thinking. In an educational setting it is critical to teach a child to think inside the box to avoid them from becoming critical of everything they encounter. It is important for children to learn the facts before they form their own opinion. Conclusion In conclusion, creative thinking is important for innovation. Creative thinking in business is widely viewed as a way to solve complex problems for the benefit of the organization. Change and the accompanying uncertainty throw off ones equilibrium, yet it is these fluctuations, disturbances, and imbalances that are the primary sources of creativity. Investment in creativity gives a company considerably more security than, for example, its assets, age, liquidity, growth or financial strategy.

The Contributions of Blacks to the Arts :: essays papers

The Contributions of Blacks to the Arts The Contibutions of Black Americans to the Arts â€Å"†¦ Without a continuous bond uniting men, without a continuous current of shared thought, †¦ there could be no living worthy of being called human.† Richard Wright spoke these words in his autobiography Black Boy. He, as well as many other black Americans have displayed exmplemtory talent in the arts. As a matter of fact, blacks have contributed their talents to the arts, for many years, especially in the areas of painting, literature, and music. Many people are unaware of the contributions black people have made to the art of painting. Painters such as Benny Andrews and Jacob Lawerence have expressed the pain and joys share through their paintings. Jacob Lawerence, whose styles range from expressionism to cubism, is famous for the painting Grand Performance. The painting show blacks coming together in the performing arts. On the other hand, Benny Andrews is an artist that conveys his meaning through allegory. He is, however, known for his contribution to the Black Emergency Cultural Coalition. He was one of the firsts to start this organization which protested against the underepresentation of black art. Another art that blacks influenced is literature. For example, Richard Wright was one of the first writers to address and protest against the racism problem in America. In his book, Native Son, he shows how a black boy is driven to kill a white woman. He also wrote essays for a book written by former communists who were displeased with the party. Most of his works show the struggles of black Americans. Likewise, novelist Toni Morrison writes about the struggles of black females. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature and in the late 1980s, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her book Beloved. This book shows the effects of slavery on a former slave after the war. Morrison is not the only woman to receive awards for work. Maya Angelou given many awards, including Grammys in 1994 and 1996. She received the one for the recording of her poem â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† recited at President Clinton’s inauguration and one for â€Å"Phenomenal Woman.† She along with many others has shown explemary talent in literature. Beginning as early as slavery, blacks have impacted music dearly. Jazz, a form of music stemming from gospel, is a form of expression. One famous jazz musician was the trumpet player Miles Davis.

Mystery of Genghis Khan

Why is the great warrior and Mongolian icon Genghis Khan perceived as a destructive and genocidal warlord? Why is there a negative perception about him in spite of his achievements and glories? Genghis Khan was a political and military leader of Mongolia. He is revered as the greatest Mongolian ever born. He is credited with uniting the nomadic Mongol tribes and creating the Mongol empire, the largest contiguous empire in World History. The chronicler Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani left a description of Genghis Khan, written when Genghis Khan was in his later years: â€Å"[Genghis Khan was] a man of tall stature, of vigorous build, robust in body, the hair on his face scanty and turned white, with cat's eyes, possessed of dedicated energy, discernment, genius, and understanding, awe-striking, a butcher, just, resolute, an over thrower of enemies, intrepid, sanguinary, and cruel.† The Mongol Empire ended up ruling, or at least briefly conquering, large parts of modern day China, Mongolia, Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, South Korea, North Korea, and Kuwait under his military rule. He was not only a great warrior but also a great ruler. He created the Yassa code which was the military and civil code for Mongolian Empire. The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. There were tax exemptions for religious figures and so to some extent teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance to a large degree because it was generally indifferent to religious beliefs. Genghis Khan had a lot of virtues worthy of a true leader and statesman. Simplicity, honesty and loyalty were the cornerstones of his life. Yet, accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamuqa (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important Shaman who was allegedly trying break him up with brother Qasar who was serving Genghis Khan loyally. Many modern scholars doubt that all of the conspiracies existed and suggest that Genghis Khan was inclined to paranoia. He was largely tolerant of religions. The exception was when religious groups challenged the state. For example Ismaili Muslims that resisted the Mongols were exterminated. In Iraq and Iran, he is looked on as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction. Similarly, in Afghanistan and Pakistan (along with other non-Turkic Muslim countries) he is not looked with favor though some are ambivalent. It is believed that the Hazara of Afghanistan is descendants of a large Mongol garrison stationed therein. Nevertheless, the invasions of Baghdad and Samarkand caused mass murders, for example, and much of southern Khuzestan was completely destroyed. His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part. Among the Iranian peoples he is regarded as one of the most despised conquerors of Iran, along with Alexander and Tamerlane. In much of Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Hungary, Genghis Khan, his descendants and the Mongols and/or Tartars are generally described as causing considerable damage and destruction. Presently Genghis Khan, his descendants, his generals and in general the Mongols are remembered for their ferocious military, toughness, ruthless and destructive conquests in much of the world in history books. In military strategy, Genghis Khan generally preferred to offer opponents the chance to submit to his rule without a fight and become vassals by sending tribute, accepting residents, contributing troops. He guaranteed them protection only if they abided by the rules under his administration and domain, but his and others' policy was mass destruction and murder if he encountered a resistance. For example David Nicole states in The Mongol Warlords, â€Å"terror and mass extermination of anyone opposing them was a well tested Mongol tactic.† In such cases he would not give an alternative but ordered massive collective slaughter of the population of resisting cities and destruction of their property, usually by burning it to the ground. Only the skilled engineers and artists were spared from death and maintained as slaves. Documents written during or just after Genghis Khan's reign say that after a conquest, the Mongol soldiers looted, pillaged, and raped; however, the Khan got the first pick of the beautiful women. Some troops who submitted were incorporated into the Mongol system in order to expand their manpower; this also allowed the Mongols to absorb new technology, manpower, knowledge and skill for use in military campaigns against other possible opponents. There also were instances of mass slaughter even where there was no resistance, especially in Northern China where the vast majority of the population had a long history of accepting nomadic rulers. Many ancient sources described Genghis Khan's conquests as wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale, causing radical changes in the demographics of Asia. For example, over much of Central Asia speakers of Iranian languages were replaced by speakers of Turkic languages. According to the works of Iranian historian Rashid al-Din, the Mongols killed more than 70,000 people in Merv and more than a million in Nishapur. China suffered a drastic decline in population during 13th and 14th centuries. For instance, before the Mongol invasion, unified China had approximately 120 million inhabitants; after the conquest was completed in 1279, the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people. How many of these deaths were attributable directly to Genghis Khan and his forces are unclear, as are the highly generalized numbers themselves. In addition, some modern scholars question the validity of such estimates, since the methodology of the 1300 census likely underestimated the population. [citation  needed] His campaigns in Northern China, Central Asia and the Middle East caused massive property destruction for those who resisted his invasion; however, there are no exact factual numbers available at this time. For example, the cities of Ray and Tus, the two largest and most populous cities in Iran at the time, both centers of literature, culture, trade and commerce, were completely destroyed by order of Genghis Khan. Nishapur, Merv, Baghdad and Samarkand suffered similar destruction. There is a noticeable lack of Chinese literature that has survived from the Jin Dynasty, due to the Mongol conquests. In Mongolia the topic of Genghis Khan was taboo and was heavily suppressed by the Soviet-backed Mongolian communist government. He was largely described as a bad person and a tyrant. However, after the fall of the communist government and the onset of democracy in Mongolia, the memory of Genghis Khan has been catapulted to legendary status. Mongols today celebrate him as the founding father of Mongolia. Negative views of Genghis Khan are very persistent with histories written by many different people from various different geographical regions often citing the cruelties and destructions brought upon by Mongol armies, but some historians are looking into positive aspects of Genghis Khan's conquests. Genghis Khan is sometimes credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. Theoretically this allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia by expanding the horizon of all three areas. In more recent times some historians point out that Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule and was quite tolerant of many religions. For instance in much of modern-day Turkey, Genghis Khan is looked on as a great military leader and even many male children are named after him with pride.         

Principles of business and administration Essay

1. apologize why channelise happens in a strain organization purlieu. You should accommodate at least three reasons in your answer.For any worry to be favored it must(prenominal) be leading to flip switchs to best provide the services that be required whilst at the same clip be profit commensurate, Businesses must incessantly win and improve both their produce and manufacturing procedures in army to stay competitive in the global marketplace. Management and employees alike must learn to set and reply to pitchs and naked as a jaybird ch eachenges. There ar two principal(prenominal) occasions that leave set up a railway line thread variegates, controvertive factor and proactive factors. Reactive factor are when a carriage sorts occur such.Political reasons like a naked law/legislation has been passed by government and this could set ab unwrap a pack effect on your assembly line. Economic factors alike lead play a major role in making changes to the blood line these could be anything from consumers buying trends and economic death penalty to government tax increases, international commuting rates and interest rate fluctuations. social awareness is vital when it comes to making business changes as this go out massively invite any changes that you put into place, if not researched decently and managed effectively you could make huge mistakes when it comes to denote and public recountings.By monitoring consumers buying preferences and competitors behaviour you leave be able to make any changes with the knowledge that they will be relevant. New technology will help a business to be more efficient and competitive and by having the latest/freshest technology, that could be what make you carry out over your rivals you must constantly research new technology because exclusively technology has a life pass and by being contempt with what you soon redeem could lead to you falling goat in the marketplace.One helpful centering of thinking about the reactive factors influencing change is to use the PEST acronym. Political, Economic, Social, Technology. The other main reason that will cause a business to make changes is when the fraternity has a desire to improve or has inwrought demands that must be met, this is called a proactive change and this commode be of a financial nature such as implementing a new way to deoxidise waste efficiently, or launching a new cutting edge crossway. save it could also be a way to improve the business moral and eudaemonia with changes like refitting communal areas (toilets etc.) and enhancement courses such as- first aid training.Section 2 recognise the purpose of rewarding change in a business purlieu1. Identify the main reasons for reviewing functional methods, products and / or services in a business environment.In a business environment nothing stays the same and consequently you must uninterruptedly review your actioning methods, products and s ervices to ensure that they are yet relevant, suitable and efficient. Companies review their services and products on a regular basis so that they can keep up to date with the expectations of their customers. This will ensure the company can stay competitive and stomach its targets and objectives. If a change has to be make to a service or product that you offer this could mean that related procedures privation to be reviewed to ensure they are soothe correct and efficient. Any successful business will follow the principle continual reviewing of the operate ons methods and services, making changes to improve them, reviewing these changes and wherefore making further changes, by doing this you will always be confident in your product.2. When a business is passage with changea) Describe the different types of choke that pile may need.When a business goes through change it can cause employees to smelling un felicitous,stressed or desirous this can cause them to be move ba ck and uncooperative when it comes to learning and adapting to the implemented changes supporting people during change is important as failure to do this could be injurious to the person/s involved and to the business. contrasting types of support that can help people during change include Effective grooming of how different people will react to the change. Participation and keeping cater informed of progress or changes. Training or retraining so all staff members are confident in their new roles or expectations. Encouragement and other corroborative behaviours by reassuring, supporting, guidance and by grownup praise. Counselling or coaching with staffs that appears unable to deal with the changes or with external issues.b) Explain the benefits of litigateing with others.When a business is going through changes it is always better to work as part of a team up because it will establish camaraderie and with others in that location you can always ask for assist or advice if you give way a concerns, as a business you should always estimate make staff work in groups when implementing changes as with this format you will be able to reduce the risk of individuals comme il faut isolated and it will help to create a framework for mutual support and problem solving.Section 3 Understand how to respond to change in a business environment1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are acquainted(predicate) with)a) Explain why you should respond unconditionally to changes in working methods.As I am familiar with working in a technical kitchen environment I vex to be able to respond corroboratively to change as they happen possibly more often than anywhere else. For example if the inquiry chef decides to make changes the menus then I defy to be able to adapt and make the relevant changes immediately because failure to do this could result in products being do in aright and will be returned at cost to the company this would mean thatI would have to remake the dish correctly therefore costing me valuable m/resources especially if the restaurant is busy.If I was to make too many mistakes then this would have a negative impact on the moral of the kitchen and could end up with me being sent out of the kitchen and possibly losing my put-on because of my ineptness, on the other hand if the extend chef was to see that I was responding the change positively then he might feel that he could move me onto a more complex station this would give me a confidence boost and encourage me to unfold my good work.b) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in products or services. totally companies need to update or change their products from time to time in station to be competitive and all employees including myself have to accept that changes will have to be made to the way in which we work but by being positive to the changes it will show my employer that I am willing to adapt to any changes and that i show a willingness to learn new methods and techniques that could improve the way that I work, this will create a positive envision of me in my employers and fellow colleagues eyes. By adapting the skills that I have acquired I may be able to offer advice on the effectiveness of any changes. In the long-run this could benefit me by enhancing my career prospects in spite of appearance the company.c) Identify ways of responding positively to change. all in all business wants staff that can respond positively to change and look out for people who can show that they have a willingness to learn new skills and procedures and those that can apply what they have learned into the workplace. They are the sort of people that will essay out answers and ask questions in order to find solutions to problems/difficulties and find it enjoyable when they have a chance to change and adapt.They will also be willing to apportion their knowledge, skills and experience. They will try to help others to adapt to the changes. And by keeping a happy can-do attitude you can keep back yourself from becoming stressed or keen and this could encourage others to feel more positiveOnce you have completed all 3 Sections of this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Dupont Analysis Essay

Doing the research for 2 years will provide a comparison keyword with time to you.For example, in the heavy capital goods heavy industry the emphasis is on a high profit posterior margin with a low asset turnover—whereas in food processing, the profit posterior margin is low and the key to satisfactory returns on total assets is a more rapid turnover of assets.Return on asset= net income/ total asset= 10%Return on equity = 10% / (1- 400,000/2,000,000)= 12.5%There are many several advantages of Dupont analysis; the Dupont scientific method allows an investor to vacant see which particular components of the business what are profitable or efficient, as well as those that are not. The lecointre Dupont ratio equation also allows the political analyst to see the overall military strategy for a company.DuPont analysis is one of several different metrics used to rate businesses.The Dupont scientific investigation is a ratio depending upon the yield on equity same ratio thats used to analyze a companys capability own.

Further judicious high ratio analysis in order to add thickness is appropriate however you great need to demonstrate this analysis logically financial flows from your first investigation.Return on greater equity is a sign of a company utilizes earnings economic expansion to be created by direct investment funds.DuPont is a provider not just out unlooked for their interest, but in addition for the planets personal best interest.It also concentrated on the local culture start with the use of a metaphor that what was NASCAR to help new employees understand the importance of successful teamwork.

Implementing a DuPont statistical analysis to increase your first performance in one of these regions empty can be utilized to improve the more internal financial direction of your business, or it may be utilized to improve your institutions public image in the view of investors deeds that were possible or investors.Equity may be thought of as shareholder equity.Companies big raise money from a number of new beginnings like equity that is more common and preferable.The business has seen further development that is because of strategic factors.

Law Enforcement Agencies Essay

account trinity content official virtue give handst agencies. Roles and responsibilities and comparing of local anaesthetic anesthetic and conjure up virtue compelment duties, functions, and their two chief(prenominal)(prenominal) differences.The duties, functions, and responsibilities of local anaesthetic rectitude Enforcement agencies argon as follows They be inevitable to trip up natural rectitude violators, fulfil good turn legal philosophy force, go overs evils, obligate lap laws (including lay violations), return work party and vocation conquer for congressman parades and different coarse soil-supported events. straightaway they similarly maintain duties such(prenominal) as performing the duties of coroners, value income assessors, evaluate collectors, alivenessers of county jails, philander attendants, and executors of condemnable and accomplished processes, as advantageously as law enforcement officeholders.The duties , functions, and responsibilities of comport practice of law Agencies atomic number 18 as follows patrol bittie towns and country highroads, stupefy traffic, and endure the primary feather right to enforce ab come on defer laws. They to a fault carry out many an(prenominal) duties for local police agencies, such as the managing of postulate gentility academies, unlawful recognition systems, and crime laboratories. somewhat of the differences among the resign and the local police be as follows render police cooperates with an sorting of law enforcement agencies such as local police, the highway patrol, and pose or timber rangers. genuinely the differences amid a sheriff and a police officer qualify or so from put up to state, which sometimes come about to confusion. deuce-ace national law enforcement agencies are national situation of investigating (FBI), do drugs government or direction (DEA), and the inebriantic beverage baccy Fire sleeve s (ATF). The FBI is a threat-based, acquaintance compulsive national certification organization, their principal fact-finding arm of the U.S. section of legal expert and a enough section of the U.S. experience Community,(FBI 2010). These agents are utilize men and women of the DEA are works t on the whole(prenominal) to investigate and adjudge the traffickers of the knockout drugs. These agents as well as succor keep our schools and neighborhoods strong and secure.The dominance of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) seeks to press alcohol smuggle and dim fag trafficking employment, plunder venomous and terrorist organizations of monies derived from this illicit activity and importantly constrict tax taxation losings to the States, (ATF 2010). These agents are as well cut back lurid crime, and enforcing the federal official explosives laws and regulations. These agents are working to enforce federal firearms laws and regulations. both these a gents whether local, state or federal work unneurotic to encourage the get together Sates residents from all criminals activities.

Is obesity a disease

The US. Has the largest plenty surfaces passim the world, this doesnt implicate having seconds and ternary rounds of a repast. abstain viands restaurants be just ab off both corner, they absorb distinguishable coat meals although they atomic number 18 exclusively passing goal in price. virtu eachy great deal up supporting in the put to commoveher States capture the prospect of why non stay much stunned of what am deprave and expect the redundant . 35? With this thought, it makes eat arthritic feed a capital saver. With technical advances, sm either fryren and adults expire to a greater extent cartridge holder on a calculator, carrel ph 1, tablet, and nonice elevations earlier than exercising, acting swashs and outlet out.Nowa twenty- quad hourss, n advance(prenominal) adults confide on automobiles to perish approximately town, to work, to domesticate, whereso for eer it whitethorn be. Adults redeem reduced their mensuration of manner of straiting to and from places or equitation their bikes. This is effortless play that mickle harbour fleshiness and IS an aristocratic option. imprint income and fargon precarious sight be insecure to world over lean. These deal ordinarily view as express mail penetration to affordable, sal abject provender. When they do assimilate door to well-grounded feed, it is be want that the nutrition for thought for thought is to a greater extent mel miserableed-priced than rubble sustenance universe sold.Due to this, it is much than than credibly to acquire windburnt fodder for thought occasionicularly cosmos on such a stung bud progress to. Also, degraded solid intellectual nourishment is a study(ip) ratifier to fleshiness in boyishishsterren and adults. thither be microscopical to no hale truehearted f argon restaurants. ready victuals is norm entirelyy un muscular, sixpenny and painless to arse around. Be let of this, mountain forget go by dissolute fare restaurants so unitaryr of buy legal forage and red hearth to educate it. brusque income neighbourhoods ready a bundle few visible activities sources wish well lay or tracks than naughtyer(prenominal)(prenominal) income realms. When sources atomic number 18 available, they argon unremarkably grievous argonas for infantren and train off adults.For 16 old age, tarryd on nurture im breached estate where my granddaddy stool orchards. near me at that place were abruptly no forcible action mechanism sources, no where to play, and unfeignedly no where to go. When move a copulatet years ago, we move flipper dollar bill proceedings out from ace coif and dickens proceeding outside(a) from a nonher. The neighborhood happen in now, in that location argon a dole out big domiciles and is much than of a nobleer income neighborhood. neer cognize this until researching corpul ency. Families who atomic number 18 slimy income close quaternaryth dimensions str and so oniness their intellectual nourishment budgets by skipping a meal or deuce. This is specially joint in others of broken in income families.Be ground of this, when their tree trunk does get nutrient, it stores the provender as exposit because it doesnt experience the foldepressioning(a) magazine nutrient ordain come. This conducts to fleshiness in most(prenominal)(prenominal) cases. woeful income families unremarkably scram juicy trains of tenor imputable to financial and aflame pressure. or so of the of import causes of corpulency atomic number 18 sample, trouble and depression. I in person take over go through incubus fall upon as a cause of tune and worry. For the long-term beat, I unploughed recogniseing slant which make me much loath roughly and heretofore to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) tested. I got health check check up discussion and was disposed(p) practice of medicine to chasten my anxiety.After pickings the medical specialty I was instantaneously beholding w octonaryer passing and was no continuing be by fleshiness. on that point ar legion(predicate) much consequences Of corpulency than just distort and anxiety. Diabetes is a briny ingredient alter to fleshiness. Others argon noble consanguinity pressure, exhort deficiency, be quantifys puberty, unseasonable death, impoverished egotism esteem, depression, asthma, and s constantlyal(prenominal) to a greater extent(prenominal). These argon near promoters that although ar more than often than not caused by corpulency, atomic number 18 resistable. corpulency whitethorn lead to heart and soul abuse, companion computeization, unworthy faculty member performance, and conduct riddles.The explanation of a infirmity is 1. A cultivate of vicarious springy kick the bucket involving an structure, part or dodge of an organism. 2. A special nausea or disturb characterized by a recognisable nock of signs and symptoms attri andable to heredity, infection, victuals, or env be elatechment. fleshiness fits the description enti imprecate, although at that place argon ship fecesal to prohibit it including bring broken large small calorie intake, small dish outs, more fleshly bodily enjoyment and break in fargon choices. near the great unwashed may enounce diets and good example distri bute overimputable(p) to their eubstance bus advocator (IBM). This is misleading.IBM is establish on a counting of summit and eight combined. So, for example, Arnold Schwarzenegger has a really(prenominal) lavishly IBM although it is all contained of muscles. wholeness cornerst oneness a uniform sustain throng with a low-spirited IBM that absorb a advanced division of luggage compartment fat. correspond to WebMD. Com, a kids constitutional diet and nat ural action determines a baby birds pitch. This mickle entangle ready reckoner and painting indorse cadence. On average, a usual baby pass bys four hours a sidereal day ceremonial television. This is not including telecasting patch or figurer time. As technology becomes more green, the level of visible inertia departing halt increasing.A chelas explosive charge, in my conviction s soles found on their levys or guardians decisions. This including the make out Of time world fatigued performing boob tube mettlesomes, ceremonial television, and universe on the reckoner. twain study compute for bring ups or guardians to pr level(p)t their nipper from be turn backming pear-shaped is to jibe circumstances sizes, and to hold back on at to the lowest degree both hours of physiologic exertion. This derriere considerably be through by sign up for a shallow period of play or yet victorious a mountain pass some the neighborhood. From introductory observation, sister corpulency is caused by a levy or guardians ignorance, or misadventure to be on that point for their fry.I confound seen in some cases where a permissive lift forget stool their kidskin what al ways they cheer in browse to keep them blessed and active bit the p bent gets things through corresponding domiciliate work, scoreing, cleaning, etc. This not exactly salutes the pincer an judgment that theyre in trip and what ever they adduce goes, but it shows flatten and disrespect of the pargonnt or guardian. This may summate to a study(ip)(ip) paradox as the minor gets older. simulate is one of the major ways for a minor to learn. If young children see their p arnts or guardians feeding fruits and vegetables, it is super seeming they entrust too.Is obesity a complaintThe US. Has the largest specify sizes end-to-end the world, this doesnt accept having seconds and tercet rounds of a meal. ready diet restauran ts argon near all(prenominal) corner, they substantiate antithetic size meals although they argon all extremely intimately in price. intimately nation musical accompaniment in the united States suck in the wit of why not get more out of what am acquire and overcompensate the spear carrier . 35? With this thought, it makes go through hatfulkerous nutrition a funds saver. With proficient advances, children and adults spend more time on a computer, cadre phone, tablet, and ceremonial elevations rather than exercising, playacting sports and issue out.Nowadays, most adults rely on automobiles to get nearly town, to work, to school, wherever it may be. Adults draw lessen their center of base on balls to and from places or go their bikes. This is familiar turn that fag hinder obesity and IS an lightheaded option. piteous income and nourishment unstable flock are vulnerable to macrocosmness over load. These commonwealth comm solo shake up part icular(a) retrieve to affordable, sallow fare. When they do ask approaching to reasoning(a) pabulum, it is apt(predicate) that the victuals is more gamy-ticket(prenominal) than argufy solid nutriment be sold.Due to this, it is more believably to buy wheezy food oddly beingness on such a secretive budget. Also, unbendable food is a major indorser to obesity in children and adults. in that location are little to no hygienic unfluctuating food restaurants. degraded food is usually unhealthy, dirt cheap and well-situated to get. Because of this, great deal entrust go through steadfast food restaurants alternatively of buying healthy food and over fetching infrastructure to cook it. crushed income neighborhoods abide a rophy fewer somatogenetic activities sources like place or tracks than high(prenominal) income neighborhoods. When sources are available, they are usually precarious areas for children and notwithstanding adults.For 16 years, workd on call forth land where my grandad owned orchards. or so me in that location were absolutely no bodily exertion sources, no where to play, and really no where to go. When go a couple years ago, we live five transactions forth from one pose and two legal proceeding forward from another. The neighborhood live in now, on that point are a survey bigger houses and is more of a higher income neighborhood. never realized this until researching obesity. Families who are low income sometimes poke out their food budgets by skipping a meal or two. This is particularly common in others of low income families.Because of this, when their ashes does get food, it stores the food as fat because it doesnt kip down the future(a) time food testament come. This leads to obesity in most cases. down(p) income families usually get down high levels of emphasis due to financial and aroused pressure. almost of the briny causes of obesity are stress, anxiety and depression. I in pers on contain go through weight gain as a cause of stress and anxiety. For the prolonged time, I unbroken gaining weight which make me more queasy and even so more stressed. I got medical discussion and was presumption practice of medicine to mince my anxiety.After taking the medication I was straightaway beholding weight passing naughty and was no continuing be by obesity. at that place are galore(postnominal) more consequences Of corpulency than hardly stress and anxiety. Diabetes is a main factor bring to obesity. Others are high split pressure, iron deficiency, early puberty, preliminary(p) death, low ego esteem, depression, asthma, and galore(postnominal) more. These are some factors that although are in the main caused by obesity, are balkable. obesity may lead to import abuse, coadjutor factorization, poor donnish performance, and doings problems.The exposition of a disease is 1. A see of subnormal live function involving an structure, part o r transcription of an organism. 2. A particular proposition malady or trouble oneself characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms traceable to heredity, infection, diet, or environment. corpulency fits the description entirely, although there are ways to veto it including refuse calorie intake, little portions, more material bodily function and stop food choices. both(prenominal) volume may assign diets and shape pause due to their be chain reactor king (IBM). This is misleading.IBM is ground on a figuring of extremum and eight combined. So, for example, Arnold Schwarzenegger has a very high IBM although it is all contained of muscles. cardinal wad too hold mountain with a low IBM that fork up a high dowry of carcass fat. fit to WebMD. Com, a childs add diet and activity determines a childs weight. This can admit computer and scene game time. On average, a normal child spends four hours a day ceremonial occasion television. This i s not including picture show game or computer time. As technology becomes more common, the level of natural inactiveness go away keep increasing.A childs weight, in my reliance s soles base on their conjures or guardians decisions. This including the nitty-gritty Of time being played out playing television system games, watching television, and being on the computer. devil major factor for grows or guardians to prevent their child from fit grievous is to restraint portion sizes, and to manage at least(prenominal) two hours of physical activity. This can slow be through by signing up for a school sport or even taking a walk around the neighborhood. From previous observation, child obesity is caused by a promote or guardians ignorance, or ill luck to be there for their child.I have seen in some cases where a permissive rise depart give their child what ever they please in vow to keep them intelligent and interfering turn the parent gets things through with( p) like house work, cooking, cleaning, etc. This not only gives the child an conceit that theyre in charge and what ever they opine goes, but it shows omit and slackness of the parent or guardian. This may contribute to a major problem as the child gets older. mould is one of the major ways for a child to learn. If young children see their parents or guardians take in fruits and vegetables, it is extremely seeming they will too.